PARA PAR@ ` ╚TEXT ` ║Marwedel, Emma Jacobina Christiana1818╨1893educatorBorn on February 27, 1818, in Mƒnden, near GÜttingen, Germany, Emma Marwedel was of a family of some social standing. The deaths of her mother and then of her father during her childhood left her without means, however, and she early had to earn her own support. Nothing is known of the education that prepared her to be a teacher, but her ambition and energy are attested by her election to a directorship in an association for the promotion of public education in Leipzig in 1864 and her membership in Germany╒s first association for the advancement of women in 1865. In 1867╨1868 Marwedel was chosen to be the first director of the newly established Girls╒ Industrial School in Hamburg. During that time she also conducted a kindergarten according to Froebelian principles. It is not known whether she had studied under Friedrich Froebel or his widow. Her work in Hamburg made a deep impression on the visiting Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, as did her Warum bedƒrfen wir weibliche Gewerbeschulen? und wie sollen sie angelegt sein?, 1868, a book on industrial schools for girls drawn from her earlier observations in England, France, and Belgium. At Peabody╒s suggestion, Marwedel came to the United States shortly afterward and in 1870 established a women╒s cooperative industrial school near Brentwood, Long Island. That effort failed along with the housing development with which it was associated, and she then moved to Washington, D.C., where in 1871 she opened a private school that included a kindergarten and Froebelian training classes for teachers. In 1876, at the invitation of Caroline Severance, Marwedel moved to Los Angeles and established the California Model Kindergarten and the Pacific Model Training School for Kindergartners, the first such school in California, whose first students included Kate Smith (Wiggin). The enterprise failed to attract sufficient support, however, and she moved to Oakland in 1877, to Berkeley in 1879, and to San Francisco in 1880. In the last city she operated her Pacific Kindergarten Normal School, along with a model kindergarten and primary classes, until her retirement in 1885 or 1886. In San Francisco she helped organize the San Francisco Kindergarten Society and the Silver Street Kindergarten, for which she recommended Kate Smith as head. She led in founding the California Kindergarten Union in 1879 and served as its first president. Her writings, including Conscious Motherhood; or the Earliest Unfolding of the Child in the Cradle, Nursery and Kindergarten, 1887, The Connecting Link, to Continue the Three-Fold Development of the Child from the Cradle to the Manual-Labor School, 1891, and such undated pamphlets as An Appeal for Justice to Childhood and Games and Studies in Life Forms and Colors of Nature for Home and School, together with lecturing on Froebelian theory and practice, occupied her last years. She died in San Francisco on November 17, 1893. εstyl ` ! ¬ # 5¬ - 5¬ 7 !I u 5¬ v !I ╤ !I ▐ Θ !I ÷ !I D !I X 5¬ Y !I w !I ▐ ë !I X !I ▐ k !I ª 5¬ º !I ┐ !I
